The Hats represent six thinking strategies, as identified by Edward de Bono. He championed the cause which drove the creative processes in individuals. He would often hypothesize that of these approaches, most people used only one or two of the approaches and that people developed thinking habits which in turn limited people to those approaches. de Bono believed that if the various approaches could be identified and a system of their use developed which could be taught, that people could be more productive in meetings and in collaborating within groups and teams by deliberately using the approaches.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Thinking_Hats

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